from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Yamaguchi prefecture (Chūgoku area)
bush clover; Japanese clover (any flowering plant of genus Lespedeza); dark red exterior with blue interior (color combination worn in autumn); Hagi (city in Yamaguchi)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
small private school (esp. for cramming); private school (in the Edo period, orig. run by Confucianists)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to compare; to make a comparison; to compete; to vie
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(social) standing; status; identity; birth; one's circumstances; one's means
in spite of; regardless of
will; resolution; kindness; goodwill; gift (as a token of gratitude)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
so-so; passable; now, now; my, my
will not do; do not; does not
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)