to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
order; rank; position (e.g. in a race); precedence
rank; place (e.g. first place); decimal place; counter for ghosts
(giving) birth; childbirth; native of; product of; assets; property
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
bank; banking institution
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
draw; tie; quits; even; square
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
private affairs; personal matter
very hard; with utmost effort; as hard as one can; with all one's might; for dear life; eagerly
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
until now; so far; up to the present
ratio; proportion; percentage
in accordance with; following; roughly; about; Street; Avenue
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
anyhow; in any case; at any rate; at best; at most
father; dad; husband; you; he
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Osaka-Kobe; Hanshin (company name: railway, dept. store, baseball team, etc.)
special; particular; peculiar; unique
manufacturer (esp. a major company); producer; maker; device for making things; person who creates things
development; growth; development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; playing around; having an active sex life
company; corporation; workplace
management; administration; operation; running (business); conducting
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
blood relationship; blood relative
feelings; emotion; compassion; sympathy; passion; affection