the Emperor; His Majesty; the government; the authorities; proprietress; hostess
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to spoil; to rot; to corrode
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
state; condition; circumstances; sight; spectacle
member of shogun's council of elders
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
watching (esp. during an emergency); being on alert; guard; watchmen
to be appointed to a post; to assume office
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to shift one's attention to; to shift one's focus on
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to take pride in; to pride oneself; to be proud of
adds force or indicates command
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
opportunity; chance; folding; fold; small food box (wooden or cardboard); folding in ... (two, three, etc.); counter for folded items
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
news of someone's death; obituary
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
illness; disease; bad habit; weakness; fault
good (quality, condition, etc.); Good (grade); B