effect; result; worth; Kai (former province located in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
tip-top; top; top-drawer; best; foremost; elite
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
I, myself; one-self; by one-self; even I; even one
to some extent; to a certain extent
achievements; actual results; accomplishments; past results; track record
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
now; the present time; just now; another; more
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
community; circles; kingdom; erathem; field (electrical); border
first runner (in a relay race); top-class runner; vanguard (of a person); front line; top runner (system of benchmarking against best-in-class performance)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
vice-minister (Meiji period); undersecretary
to scold; to chide; to rebuke; to reprimand
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!