indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
member of an assembly; member of the Diet; member of parliament; member of Congress
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
(private) secretary; treasured book; secret book
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; the matter in question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
running (of a car, bus, etc.); traveling; travelling; running (of a program)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
collision; crash; running into; conflict; quarrel; clashing
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
performance; appearance (in a stage, film, TV show, etc.)
popularity; public favor; condition (e.g. market); tone; character
to win; to gain; to earn; to spread (one's name, etc.)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
show business; entertainment industry; world of entertainment
parliamentarian; member of a congress
wife; Mrs; (arch.) wife of a nobleman (aristocrat, etc.); (arch.) consort of the emperor
one's original family name; maiden name
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life