indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
in that way; thus; so; so?
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
together; at the same time; same; identical
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
to break; to be smashed; to split; to crack; to be divided (opinion, vote, etc.); to split (e.g. of a party); to come to light
lily (Lilium spp.); yuri; genre of comics and novels about female homosexuality
crane (any bird of the family Gruidae, esp. the red-crowned crane, Grus japonensis)
looking; viewing; (please) try (to)
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to escape death; to be saved from death
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for