indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
study; diligence; discount; reduction
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
emotional strength; force of will
fortitude; perseverance; stoicism; patience
(powers of) concentration; ability to concentrate
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
to support; to maintain; to bring up; to raise; to adopt (a child); to cultivate (a habit, a quality, etc.)
to lead; to take the lead; to be in a top position
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
second (unit of time); arc second
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
lily (Lilium spp.); yuri; genre of comics and novels about female homosexuality
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience