indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fall; tumble; spill; degradation; comedown; demotion
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
suffix for familiar person
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
inner part; inside; interior; depths (e.g. of a forest); back (of a house, drawer, etc.); bottom (e.g. of one's heart)
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to ward off; to avert; to put aside; to move out of the way
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
trouble; troubles; worry; distress; sorrows; anguish
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
childish; child-like; immature; infantile
special; particular; extraordinary; exceptional; especial
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
scene of an accident; crash site; accident scene
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)