indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
quiet; calm; leisurely; distant; far-off; boundless
disaster; accident; calamity; catastrophe
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
smirkingly; broadly (grinning)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to bring; to take; to bring about
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
how; in what way; how about
to give meaning (to); to assess the significance (of)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't you think?; indicates question
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
quiet (place); still; silent; inconspicuously; modestly; quietly
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
police officer; policeman; policewoman
(camera) shutter; shutter (for a door, window, etc.)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
how long; how much; to what extent
good person; virtuous person
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...