indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to stick up (hair, etc.); to stand up straight; to stand up abruptly; to jump to one's feet; to stand in one place, doing nothing in particular; to stand around
work (e.g. of art); production; harvest; cultivation; technique
how; in what way; how about
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
field of vision; visibility; view; visual field; (one's) ken
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
total darkness; pitch dark; bleak future; poor prospects
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
wing; Chinese "Wings" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); (arch.) counter for birds or bird wings
performer; entertainer; celebrity
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
no!; no no!; no, not at all
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
once; for a short time; briefly; (arch.) one morning
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof