this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to impose; to visit upon; to inflict
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to be; to exist; to be (honorific copula)
adds force or indicates command
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
succession struggle; succession race
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to recommend; to endorse (e.g. a candidate); to infer (from); to deduce; to think (something) through; to ponder deeply
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
bizarre plan; perplexing strategy; outlandish scheme
to launch oneself upon; to make one's debut
interruption (e.g. of a conversation)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to try and do something; to attempt to do something
don't you think?; indicates question
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to marry (of a woman); to become a bride; to marry into (a family); (arch.) to have sexual intercourse
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; sly person; idiot; hick; sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut); clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook
to be a match for; to rival; to equal; to compare with; to be equivalent to
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself