light (e.g. aircraft, truck); light motor vehicle (up to 660cc and 64bhp); kei car
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to invite; to ask (someone to do); to tempt; to lure; to induce (tears, laughter, sleepiness, etc.); to arouse (e.g. sympathy)
live (esp. concert, show, etc.); live performance; alive
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
law (esp. ancient East Asian criminal code); regulation; vinaya (rules for the monastic community); Ritsu (school of Buddhism); lüshi (style of Chinese poem); (musical) pitch; six odd-numbered notes of the ancient chromatic scale
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to leak out (a secret); to be exposed (a lie, improper behaviour, etc.); to be found out; to get away (of fish)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come to like; to become fond of; to fall in love
chance; start; cue; excuse; motive; impetus
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
concrete; definite; specific; material; substantial
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
counter for places, parts, passages, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
all; entire; whole; altogether
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do