indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to grow cold (from room temperature, e.g. in refrigerator); to get chilly; to cool down
sillago (any fish of genus Sillago, esp. the Japanese whiting, Sillago japonica)
when it comes to ...; where ... is concerned; if it's the case that ...; if it turns out that ...; if it's true that ...
constitutional reform; constitutional amendment
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
House of Representatives (lower house of the National Diet of Japan)
House of Councillors (upper house of the National Diet of Japan)
both Houses of Parliament
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
proposal; suggestion; motion; initiative
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
element (esp. component in electronics); elemental device; device; data; datum
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
approval; agreement; support; favour; favor
implementation (e.g. of a system); materialization; materialisation; realization; realisation; actualization
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
formation; establishment; conclusion (e.g. of a deal); reaching (e.g. an agreement); being valid (of a theory, argument, etc.); holding
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
please; somehow or other; one way or another
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
reality; actuality; hard fact
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to shift one's attention to; to shift one's focus on
while; during; while; although; all; both