indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
court lady; lady-in-waiting
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
primary school; elementary school; grade school
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to watch over; to watch attentively
exercise; physical training; appeal; campaign; motion; movement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
attendance (at school); going to school
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
time; (the) hour; favourable time; opportunity; chance
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
Parent-Teacher Association; PTA
company; corporation; workplace
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
popular use; circulation; to pass as; to pass for
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
izakaya; Japanese bar that also serves various dishes and snacks