indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
how; in what way; how about
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
father; dad; husband; you; he
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Parent-Teacher Association; PTA
all; entire; whole; altogether
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
complaint; grumbling; objection; phrase; words; expression
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
time; hour; period; class
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
valid; effective; yuko (judo)
use; utilization; utilisation; application
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
reform; reformation; reorganization
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
all; everything; entirety; absolutely (not); (not) at all; (none) whatsoever
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
(a) step; one step; level; stage; small degree; small amount