scarecrow; figurehead; dummy
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
when; how soon; how long until
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
beginning; outset; first; onset
practice; practising; training; study
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
working adult; full-fledged member of society
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
disqualification; elimination; incapacity; being unfit for one's role; being a failure
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thank you for waiting; sorry to have kept you waiting
to scratch; to perspire; to shovel; to paddle
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
hands and feet; limbs; person at one's beck and call; person at hand; reliable worker
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged