indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife; his and hers; pair of objects, one larger (for man), one smaller (for woman)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
form; shape; figure; visage
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
purple; violet; Lithospermum erythrorhizon (species of gromwell); type of soy sauce
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
in that way; thus; so; so?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
lieutenant general; vice-admiral
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from the viewpoint of; according to
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
to air; to dry; to drain (off); to drink up; to deprive of a role, job, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
warehouse; storehouse; cellar; magazine; granary; godown
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence