empty rice field (between the harvest and spring)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to come to like; to become fond of; to fall in love
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
cornerstone; main point; requirement; need; necessary; required
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
direct; immediate; personal; firsthand
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
any more; any further; any better; any longer
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
to desire; to wish for; to expect; to see; to command (a view of)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
tachibana orange (Citrus tachibana)
father; dad; husband; you; he
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
senior high school; high school
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity