pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be visible; to be clear; to be evident; to be certain
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
living thing; living creature; animal; life
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
no matter what; whatever happens; in any situation; rain or shine
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
protection; defense; providence; amulet; charm
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
eating; bite (in fishing)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to tear up; to tear off; to rip up; to separate (e.g. a couple); to disrupt (a relationship)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop