indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to row; to scull; to pedal (e.g. bicycle); to swing (on a swing); to operate a hand pump; to push through (deep snow, the jungle, etc.)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
don't you think?; indicates question
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
to be sad; to mourn for; to regret
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
incident; affair; happening; event
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
letter; missive; note; mail
aim; object; expectations; prospects; something that can be relied upon; snack served with alcoholic drink; pad
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
first and last (time, chance, etc.); (the) only
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
note left by a dead person; suicide note; testamentary letter; posthumous work
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
mail service; postal service; mail; mail; postal matter; postal items
hello; good day; good afternoon
always; all the time; never; usual; regular