indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
horn; alarm; whistle; foghorn
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
groan; moan; roar; growl; buzz; hum (e.g. motor)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
no, not like that (but like this)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
sorry; excuse me; thank you
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
pupil; disciple; adherent; follower; apprentice; young person
running (of a car, bus, etc.); traveling; travelling; running (of a program)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life