indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
extinction; extermination; eradication; stamping out; wiping out
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
clue; lead; key; handhold; hold
when it becomes; when it comes to
to connect; to link together; to tie; to fasten; to maintain; to preserve
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
adds force or indicates command
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
that; the matter in question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(one's) older sister; (one's) elder sister; girl
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
curry (esp. Japanese curry); rice and curry
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...