indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
low-lying part of a city (usu. containing shops, factories, etc.); Shitamachi (low-lying area of eastern Tokyo near Tokyo Bay, incl. Asakusa, Shitaya, Kanda, Fukugawa, Honjo, Nihonbashi, Kyobashi and surrounds)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
spring break; spring vacation
large; big; older; senior; final; ultimate
sleeping in late; oversleeping; late riser; sleepyhead
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
to miss out on going; to fail to go
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
casual; unconcerned; nonchalant
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
bookstore; bookshop; publisher; main building
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
witnessing; observing; sighting
good thing; strong point; good family; prestigious school; the right moment; utter
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
because of; owing to; due to
to joke; to jest; to make fun of; to laugh at; to romp; to gambol
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
rikka; formal style of ikebana
group engaged in some activity (players, companies, forces, etc.)
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)