indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
senior high school; high school
taking an examination (esp. school and university entrance)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
life; living; I; me; student
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
study; diligence; discount; reduction
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
concentration; focusing; convergence; within a collection of works
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
(not) in any way; in no way; at all; terribly; awfully; hopelessly
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to become stronger; to grow in intensity; to grow violent; to invite contributions, etc.; to solicit help, participation, etc.; to recruit (e.g. soldiers)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to breathe out; to breathe; to tell (a lie); to use (foul language); to vomit; to throw up
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
rikka; formal style of ikebana
group engaged in some activity (players, companies, forces, etc.)
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
nth son; lang; official title in ancient China; (arch.) man; (arch.) young man; (arch.) my husband
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
sorry; excuse me; thank you
coming; going; being (somewhere); come; go; stay
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
thank you; thanks; much (thanks); very (sorry); quite; really; somehow
saying something (to someone); greeting; approaching (someone)
if (it) doesn't exist; if there is no ...; if not ...; unless ...; have to ...; must ...
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that