suffix for familiar person
previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
father; dad; husband; you; he
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
research establishment; research institute; laboratory
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
detailed; full; minute; knowing very well; knowledgeable (about); well-acquainted (with)
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
now that you mention it; come to think of it; that reminds me; on that subject; speaking of which
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
boy; son; baby boy; young man
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
hello; good day; good afternoon
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
five colors (usu. red, blue, yellow, white and black); five colours; many kinds; varied; melon; gourd
fatsi (Fatsia japonica); paperplant; Japanese aralia
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
serious; not joking; straight
to scatter around; to leave untidy; to make a mess
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
to catch up (with); to draw level; to pull even; to be compensated; to make up for one's losses