indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
essential; important; crucial; vital; main
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
after that; afterwards; thereafter
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
difference; distinction; discrepancy; mistake; error
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
putting one's life on the line; staking one's life (on); risking one's life; life and death situation
adventure; venture; venture which is unlikely to succeed; risky attempt; danger
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to begin a trip; to depart; to embark; to die; to pass away; to depart this life
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
secret; private; surreptitious
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
danger; peril; hazard; risk
hidden treasure; treasured article
to hold fast; to protect to the end
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
difficulty; hardship; trouble; infeasibility; inability (to carry out)
to climb over; to get over; to surmount; to overcome; to surpass; to overtake
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence