indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
finally; at last; ultimately; in the end
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
spell; charm; incantation; magic word
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to save trouble; to save effort; to save hassle; to save bother; to save time
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
crown (of head); summit (of mountain); easy win for one; something received
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
putting one's life on the line; staking one's life (on); risking one's life; life and death situation
adventure; venture; venture which is unlikely to succeed; risky attempt; danger
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to begin a trip; to depart; to embark; to die; to pass away; to depart this life
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
secret; private; surreptitious
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
danger; peril; hazard; risk
hidden treasure; treasured article
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold fast; to protect to the end
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of