indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
care; looking after; trouble; bother; good offices; recommendation
occasionally; once in a while; now and then; rarely; seldom
taking a breather; relaxation; vent hole
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
study; diligence; discount; reduction
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(not) at all; (not) a bit; (not) in the least; (not) in the slightest
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; so?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
company; corporation; workplace
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
hot spring; onsen; hot spring resort; hot spring spa
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
whole life; a lifetime; all through life; (the only, the greatest, etc.) of one's life
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing