indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
in (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); inside the line; in; inside; enter here; enter
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
adds force or indicates command
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
legendary beast; magical beast
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(arch.) the art of war; (arch.) martial arts; military force; the sword; valor; bravery
treachery; betrayal; perfidy
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
to hide; to keep to oneself
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
total energy; all efforts
concentration (of efforts, forces, etc.); gathering together; regimentation; marshalling; mobilization
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
hiss (esp. cat); sizzle; whoosh
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
most; highest; maximum; best; wonderful; finest
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
I; me; myself; (arch.) we; (arch.) us; (arch.) ourselves
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
third day of the month; three days