Gautama Buddha; Shakyamuni; the historical Buddha
clearly; plainly; distinctly; to be clear; to be definite; to be certain
study of antiquities; archeology
teaching; instruction; teachings; precept; lesson; doctrine
urban area; urban district
to spread; to be propagated
Asoka the Great; Ashoka the Great (304-232 BCE)
protection; safeguard; guardianship; preservation; conservation
religious organization; religious organisation
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
comprehension; understanding; enlightenment; spiritual awakening; satori
relief; aid; help; (religious) salvation; (Christian) grace
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to compare (something) to; to liken; to speak figuratively; to use a simile; to use a metaphor
Mahayana (Buddhism); the Great Vehicle; large passenger vehicle
whole nation; whole land; whole country
Emperor Kimmei; Kimmei Tenno (510-571 CE, reigning: 539-571 CE or 531-571 CE)
sacred books; sutras; scriptures; Bible
in terms of both ... and ...; from the perspective of ... as well as ...; whether it be ... or ...
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
ago; since; before; previous
people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced continental culture to the Japanese
adherent; devotee; believer
to harvest; to reap; to take in; to gather in; to adopt (e.g. idea); to accept (e.g. advice)
should; must; -able; probably; likely
retainer; subject; vassal; servant
to ask; to enquire; to inquire; to search; to look for; to look into
approval; agreement; support; favour; favor
opposition; resistance; antagonism; reverse; opposite; inverse
declaration; indication; representation; manifestation; demonstration; expression
confrontation; opposition; antagonism
to advance; to move forward; to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to raise; to elevate
to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest)
to add; to add up; to increase; to gather (e.g. speed); to include; to count in
metalwork; metalsmith; goldsmith
charming; fascinating; attractive
law; act; method; mood; dharma; law