indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
flow (of a fluid or gas); stream; flow (of people, things); passage (of time); course (of events); (step-by-step) procedure; group of people who remain together after the end of an event
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
to read and understand; to subject to close analysis; to read deeply; to decipher; to decode
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
world history; international history
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
loudly (flinging open a door); with a clatter; with a crash (e.g. of a falling structure); completely (change); utterly; louvre window (door, vent, etc.)
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
various opinions; various theories; various rumors (rumours)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
China; Chūgoku region (western part of Honshu comprising the prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Tottori and Shimane); central part of a country; main region; province of the second lowest rank (ritsuryo system)
Shang dynasty (of China; approx. 1600-1046 BCE); Yin dynasty
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
shellfish; seashell; shell
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
ago; since; before; previous
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color; bank
substitute; replacement; stand-in; proxy; compensation; exchange
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to