east and west; Orient and Occident; East and West; ladies and gentlemen!; your attention, please!
formation; establishment; conclusion (e.g. of a deal); reaching (e.g. an agreement); being valid (of a theory, argument, etc.); holding
process; course; mechanism
influential; prominent; strong; likely; plausible
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
to spread; to be propagated
as (X, then Y); with; in accordance with; in proportion to
strength; power; proficiency; ability
to abate; to weaken; to be emaciated; to be dejected; to be perplexed
influential person; man of importance
holding one's ground; defending local authority
feudal era; feudal times; feudal period; feudal age; age of feudalism
decline; degeneration; decay; waning; ebbing
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
people; men and women; each person; everybody
world economy; international economy
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
to miss (doing); to fail (to do)
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
complete; whole; perfect; safe
long time; long interval; for quite some time
skillful; adroit; craft; craftsmanship; plot; scheme
around the world; throughout the world
centre; center; pivot; central nervous system
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
economic superpower; economic powerhouse
invisibly; secretly; privately
The Merchant of Venice (play by William Shakespeare)
moneylending; moneylender
present day; modern times; recent times; early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
ancestor; forefather; originator; pioneer; grandfather
not only ... (but also); not merely; as well as; furthermore; besides; moreover