one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
national language; Japanese language (often as a school subject in Japan); native Japanese words (as opposed to loanwords)
strength; power; proficiency; ability
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to forge; to temper; to drill; to train; to discipline
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
common sense; good sense; common knowledge; general knowledge; common practice; accepted practice
writing; composition; essay; sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
work; operation; manufacturing; fatigue duty
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
that is to say; so that means
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
reader (person); person who reads the cards (in karuta games); composer (of a poem)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
participation; joining; entry; adherence
to consist of; to be made up of; to be concluded (e.g. of an agreement); to hold true (e.g. of a theory); to be viable (of a business, lifestyle, etc.); to carry on
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
to make clear; to clarify; to disclose; to make public
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
huge; vast; enormous; swelling; expansion
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
surface; face; outside; exterior; appearances; superficiality
to represent; to signify; to reveal; to show; to express; to make widely known
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
willingly; voluntarily; on one's own accord
that kind of; of the sort; of the kind; such
professor; teaching; instruction