indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
outbreak; spring forth; generation (e.g. of power or heat); genesis; ontogeny; development of complex multicellular structures from cell(s) in a simple state
manuscript; version; draft
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read kanji using its native Japanese pronunciation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
our country; our land; one's own country
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
literature; books (reference); document
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
beginning; outset; first; onset
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
up to now; so far; traditional; conventional; usual
origin of a word; derivation of a word; etymology
theory; doctrine; opinion; view; rumour; rumor
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
unexpected (but welcome) visitor; rare guest
feelings; thoughts; meaning
to contain; to comprise; to hold in the mouth; to bear in mind; to understand; to express (emotion, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
shall ...; to assume; to suppose
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mara; demon king who attempted to hinder Gautama Buddha from attaining enlightenment; obstacle to enlightenment; penis
udo (plant related to ginseng, used in medicine and cooking) (Aralia cordata)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
formation; molding; making up; repair (e.g. plastic surgery); replacement; -plasty
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
right; correct; proper; righteous; just
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
the ancients; ancient people