indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
eternalness; forever unchanging; distant land over the sea; world of the dead
foreign country; foreign land; strange land; far-off land
consciousness; becoming aware (of); awareness; mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
undulation; ups and downs; highs and lows
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
founder; inventor; ancestor; forefather
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
blue sky; erudition; detachment from the world; high rank
used item; secondhand item; old; used; previous
hometown; rural township (of China)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
bun (hairstyle); chignon; topknot
crown (of head); summit (of mountain); easy win for one; something received
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to place (in position); to fix; to install; to seat (someone); to settle (upon something); to fix (e.g. one's gaze)
grandfather; old man; kyogen mask used for the role of an old man
great-grandfather; great-granddad; great-grandad
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to burst into bud; to sprout; to have a crush; to be infatuated
to rot; to decay; to die in obscurity; to be forgotten with time
to die out; to peter out; to become extinct; to cease; to be stopped; to be discontinued
sprouts from a stump; buds from the base of a tree
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
people; race; nation; ethnic group; ethnos
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
undulation; winding; meandering; swell (of waves); surge; billow
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
civilization; civilisation; enlightenment