head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
rubbish; trash; garbage; refuse
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
instant; moment; for an instant
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wake up; to awake; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to come to one's senses
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
Carnegie Mellon (University)
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
(United States of) America; USA
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
trouble; troubles; worry; distress; sorrows; anguish
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
messy; confused; chaotic; complaining about various things
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to clear up; to clear away; to refresh (e.g. spirits); to be cleared (e.g. of a suspicion); to be dispelled; to be banished
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
how many years; how long; what year
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
refreshingly; with a feeling of relief; shapely; neatly; cleanly; without trouble; clearly
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
study; diligence; discount; reduction
concentration; focusing; convergence; within a collection of works
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but