first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
reading; reading (of a kanji, esp. kun reading); reading (e.g. of a situation); insight
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to deepen; to heighten; to intensify
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
the very start; the very beginning
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
feeling obliged; being grateful; being thankful; (arch.) shrinking back in fear
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
don't you think?; indicates question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
textbook; coursebook; schoolbook
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
national language; Japanese language (often as a school subject in Japan); native Japanese words (as opposed to loanwords)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
under (influence, control, conditions, etc. of); during (war, occupation, etc.)
Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
fiscal year (usu. April 1 to March 31 in Japan); financial year; academic year; school year; product year
edition; version; plate; block; editions of a publication
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
personal; individual; private
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
how many years; how long; what year
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward