town; city; municipal; urban
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
drainage; draining; pumping out (water); displacement
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
lands outside (Chinese) civilization
tropical disease (e.g. malaria)
civilization and enlightenment; Japan's Westernization movement during the Meiji era (Westernisation)
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
uncivilized; uncivilised; undeveloped (land); unexplored (territory, field, etc.); unbloomed (flower)
hygiene; sanitation; health
endemic disease; local disease
epidemic; plague; pestilence
to be popular; to come into fashion; to be prevalent; to spread widely (e.g. disease); to flourish; to thrive
origin; beginning; genesis; primeval; primordial; primitive
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
meaning; significance; sense
Onigashima; island of ogres (in Japanese folklore)
evil; wickedness; (role of) the villain (in theatre, etc.); the bad guy
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
common sense; good sense; common knowledge; general knowledge; common practice; accepted practice
(a) step; one step; level; stage; small degree; small amount
to step forward; to take a step forward
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
to drink (whisky, whiskey) straight
whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")
matter of concern and interest
advanced (developed) country; advanced nations
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
Kangxi Emperor (Qing Dynasty)
Society of Jesus; Jesuits
Mara; demon king who attempted to hinder Gautama Buddha from attaining enlightenment; obstacle to enlightenment; penis
Chinese name (often of plants and animals)
robust; brawny; muscular; strong; sturdy