indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
outbreak; spring forth; generation (e.g. of power or heat); genesis; ontogeny; development of complex multicellular structures from cell(s) in a simple state
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(how) many times; (how) often
manuscript; version; draft
to pile up; to heap up; to stack up; to repeat many times over; to go through repeatedly; to accumulate
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
old work; old book; previously published book
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to dedicate; to make an offering; to supply; to store; to finish; to bring to a close; to restore (something to its place)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
after that; afterwards; thereafter
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
one by one; each; every; at intervals of
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
apiece; each; at a time; piecemeal
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to take measures; to work out a plan; to lecture; to read aloud; to confer
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
criterion; standard; yardstick; rough estimate; approximation
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
suitable; appropriate; befitting; conjoining; association; samprayukta
often; again and again; frequently; repeatedly
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...