indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
proof; proof sheet; galley proof
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
from the beginning; without hesitation; flatly (e.g. refusing); entirely; completely
intently; single-mindedly; devotedly; solely; earnestly; with all one's heart
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
adjustment; tweaking; improvement; modification; tinkering; minor alteration
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
work; operation; manufacturing; fatigue duty
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
dictionary; lexicon; (arch.) letter of resignation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to make absolutely sure; to make doubly sure
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
proofreading; correction of press; calibration
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
one copy (of a book, magazine, etc.); one volume
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
monotony; monotone; dullness; monotone; monotonic
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
journal; magazine; periodical
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
editor (in publishing, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to repeat; to do something over again
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
meaning; significance; sense
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking