indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
journal; magazine; periodical
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
publication (e.g. of an article in a newspaper); carrying (e.g. a story); running (e.g. a serial); insertion (e.g. of an advertisement); printing; posting (e.g. on the web)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
number one; first; best; most; game; round
quiet (place); still; silent; inconspicuously; modestly; quietly
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be placed on; to be set on; to be piled on; to appear (in print); to be mentioned; to be recorded
only; merely; but; no more than
writing (an essay, prose, etc.); composition; formal writing with little real meaning
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cut out; to clip from; to extract
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
before one knows; before one becomes aware of; unnoticed; unawares
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thick; deep; kind; cordial; abundant
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
treasure; treasured item; prized possession
professional shogi player; professional go player
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season