vibration; flickering; jolting; tremor
dyer's knotweed (Persicaria tinctoria, used to produce indigo dye); indigo (dye); indigo (colour)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
happiness; well-being; joy; welfare; blessedness
example; simile; metaphor; allegory
life; lifetime; career; for life; all one's life; throughout one's life
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
necessary condition; requirement
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thinking; thought; idea; notion; intention; plan
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
personnel affairs; human affairs; human resources; HR
government service; the bureaucracy
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
to be piled up; to lie on top of one another; to come one after another; to happen over and over; to overlap (each other); to occur at the same time
individual; private person; personal; private
house; home; one's house; one's home; one's husband
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
emigration; immigration; emigrant; immigrant
selection; choice; picking out
notice; notification; report; posting
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
blue; azure; green; pale; gray; unripe
to put on (one's head); to wear; to be covered with (dust, snow, etc.); to pour (water, etc.) on oneself; to bear (e.g. someone's debts, faults, etc.); to take (blame); to overlap (e.g. sound or color)
surface; face; outside; exterior; appearances; superficiality
than; from; out of; except; but; more
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o