indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put on (one's head); to wear; to be covered with (dust, snow, etc.); to pour (water, etc.) on oneself; to bear (e.g. someone's debts, faults, etc.); to take (blame); to overlap (e.g. sound or color)
conifer; needle-leaved tree
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
untalkative; quiet; taciturn; reticent; uncommunicative
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to stand (still) a while; to loiter; to stop
(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; around; about; for instance; say
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
quiet; silent; slow; unhurried; calm; peaceful
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
far away; distant place; long ago; far back; by far
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
clearly; plainly; distinctly; to be clear; to be definite; to be certain
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
imagination; supposition; guess
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
particularly; only; in the case of
blue; azure; green; pale; gray; unripe
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
at one's feet; underfoot; gait; pace; most recent; current
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to stare at; to gaze at; to look hard at; to watch intently; to fix one's eyes on
apt to (do); liable to; predominantly; mostly; ... reaps the rewards; ... takes the prize