indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
compilation (of a text); editing; volume (of a text); completed literary work
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
sunlight filtering through trees
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
to lurk; to be hidden; to be concealed; to lie dormant; to be latent
breath; breathing; tone; mood
errand; mission; messenger; bearer; familiar spirit; use
green; emerald green; green color of new foliage; verdure
to swing; to sway; to shake; to waver; to feel shaken; to become unstable
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to mutter; to murmur; to grumble; to tweet (Twitter)
while; during; while; although; all; both
softly; gently; stealthily; secretly; to leave alone; to leave as it is
door; gate; opening; title page
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
(a) step; one step; level; stage; small degree; small amount
to set foot into; to enter; to step inside; to cross the threshold
really; very; extremely; (not) anything; (not) at all; (not) a bit
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
inner part; inside; interior; depths (e.g. of a forest); back (of a house, drawer, etc.); bottom (e.g. of one's heart)
to tickle; to tickle (one's curiosity, vanity, etc.); to arouse; to make laugh; to amuse