indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
compilation (of a text); editing; volume (of a text); completed literary work
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
disaster; calamity; misfortune; trouble; woes
prediction; prophecy; prognostication
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
many; a lot; much; multitude
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to shut in; to confine; to contain
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
indeed; really; truly; very much
to bind; to file; to top with egg (e.g. donburi)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
solid; strong; sturdy; durable; stout
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to raise; to bring up; to rear; to cultivate; to foster; to nurture
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
flow of time; flux of time; lapse of time; current of the times; trend of the times
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
silence; stillness; quietness
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
to lurk; to be hidden; to be concealed; to lie dormant; to be latent
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something