indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
compilation (of a text); editing; volume (of a text); completed literary work
end; limit; bounds; extremity; result; fate
-less; lacking; non-existing
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to fill; to become full (of); to wax (of the moon); to rise (of the tide); to flow; to expire (of a period of time)
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to come and go; to go back and forth
people; men and women; each person; everybody
speaking voice; talking voice
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
on the occasion of; at the time of
noise (usu. unpleasant); interference (e.g. radio); static; gossip; irresponsible criticism
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
chirp; twitter; warble; whale tongue
living thing; living creature; animal; life
indication; sign; hint; tone (of the market)
those (near the second person)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to differ; to vary; to disagree
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
to resound (echo) far and wide
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
to be moist; to be damp; to profit by; to receive benefits; to become rich; to become at ease financially
wherein; therein; thereinto
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
speck; dot; point; only a little; particle; only one