indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
teatime; tea break; coffee break
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wicked; evil; wastrel; scoundrel; organized crime; yakuza
deletion; elimination; erasure; striking out
arranged; taken care of; settled; completed; finished
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
third day of the month; three days
research funds (expenses)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to some extent; to a certain extent
to take out (e.g. garbage); to put out (e.g. dishes on table); to serve (e.g. meal); to get out (e.g. food from cupboard); to submit (e.g. ideas, opinions); to provide for
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
myself; yourself; I; me; you
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
by myself; in person; by oneself
to earn (income); to make (money); to score (points, victory); to gain (time); to work hard (at one's job); to labor
have no choice; there is nothing but; no more than
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
laboratory; seminar room; professor's office
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to shut oneself in (e.g. one's room); to be confined in; to be filled with (emotion, enthusiasm, etc.); to fill the room (of a gas, smell, etc.); to be heavy with (e.g. smoke); to be muffled (e.g. voice); to hold (a castle, fortress, etc.)
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
supermarket; subtitles; telop; superheterodyne; super
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
dispatch; despatch; deployment; temporary employee (esp. from an agency); temporary worker; agency temp