indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to recall; to remember; to recollect
scene; spectacle; sight; view
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be opposite; to face each other
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
conscious; deliberate; intentional
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be reminded of; to call to mind
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
to exchange (messages, greetings, arguments, etc.); to intersect; to cross; ... with one another; ... to each other
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
ago; since; before; previous
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to memorize; to memorise; to commit to memory; to learn by heart; to bear in mind; to remember
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
individuality; personality; quirk; idiosyncrasy; character; individual characteristic
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
you (plural); all of you; you all
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
distinction; discrimination; distinguishing; discernment
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor