indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
national language; Japanese language (often as a school subject in Japan); native Japanese words (as opposed to loanwords)
society; public; community; social studies
science (inc. mathematics, medicine, etc.); natural science; science department (university); science course; science (as a school subject)
health and physical education
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
satisfaction; pride; one's strong point; one's forte; regular customer; regular client
(school) subject; curriculum; course; item; heading; entry
nothing in particular; none in particular
poor (at); weak (in); not very good (at); not one's cup of tea; not one's favorite
pupils who are not members of any school club; (lit.) go-home club
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
independence; autonomy; self-reliance
leaving a club; quitting a club
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to get tired; to tire; to become worn out (of a well-used object); (arch.) to starve
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
mobile telephone; cellular telephone
counter for books; volume
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
buying and reading (book, magazine, etc.); subscribing (incl. free subscriptions); taking (e.g. newspaper)
journal; magazine; periodical
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
somewhat below; slightly below
close friend; bosom friend; buddy; crony; chum
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
than; from; out of; except; but; more
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.