spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to rain incessantly; to downpour
shy; diffident; retiring; reserved
quiet; silent; slow; unhurried; calm; peaceful
while; during; while; although; all; both
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
grassy field; grassland; meadow; grass-covered plain; savannah; prairie
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
gently sloping; gentle; easy; smooth
hill; height; knoll; bonus points awarded to the winner at the end of a game
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
one long cylindrical thing; one film, TV show, etc.; one version; one book; a certain book; ippon; one point
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wet; to moisten; to dampen; to soak; to dip
genuine; real; full-scale; full-blown; full-fledged; professional
to begin to fall (rain, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
dimly; faintly; absentmindedly; vacantly; idly; aimlessly
to look up at; to raise one's eyes; to look up to; to admire; to respect
to float; to be suspended; to rise to the surface; to appear; to come to mind; to have inspiration
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
colouring; coloring; shade (of colour); flavour; nuance; feel